References

Magiorakos AP, Srinivasan A, Carey RB Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2012; 18:(3)268-281 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x

Woodmansey EJ, Roberts CD. Appropriate use of dressings containing nanocrystalline silver to support antimicrobial stewardship in wounds. Int Wound J. 2018; 15:(6)1025-1032 https://doi.org/10.1111/iwj.12969

Fernandes P, Martens E. Antibiotics in late clinical development. Biochem Pharmacol. 2017; 133:152-163 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2016.09.025

Wright H, Bonomo RA, Paterson DL. New agents for the treatment of infections with Gram-negative bacteria: restoring the miracle or false dawn?. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2017; 23:(10)704-712 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2017.09.001

Gajdács M. The concept of an ideal antibiotic: implications for drug design. Molecules. 2019; 24:(5) https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24050892

European Centre for Disease Control. Summary of the latest data on antibiotic consumption in European Union: 2018. 2019. https://tinyurl.com/2kb24p7u (accessed 18 November 2020)

Lipsky BA, Dryden M, Gottrup F Antimicrobial stewardship in wound care: a position paper for the British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy and European Wound Management Association. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2016; 71:(11)3026-3035 https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkw287

Cooper R, Kirketerp-Møller K. Non-antibiotic antimicrobial interventions and antimicrobial stewardship in wound care. J Wound Care. 2018; 27:(6)355-377 https://doi.org/10.12968/jowc.2018.27.6.355

European Wound Management Association. EWMA podcast: antimicrobial stewardship in wound management. https://tinyurl.com/y5wv6ts5 (accessed 30 November 2020)

Green BN, Johnson CD, Adams A. Writing narrative literature reviews for peer-reviewed journals: secrets of the trade. J Chiropr Med. 2006; 5:(3)101-117 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0899-3467(07)60142-6

Gottrup F, Apelqvist J, Bjarnsholt T EWMA document: antimicrobials and non-healing wounds: evidence, controversies and suggestions. J Wound Care. 2013; 22:S1-S89 https://doi.org/10.12968/jowc.2013.22.Sup5.S1

Gompelman M, van Asten SA, Peters EJ. Update on the role of infection and biofilms in wound healing: pathophysiology and treatment. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2016; 138:61S-70S https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0000000000002679

Sass P, Brötz-Oesterhelt H. Bacterial cell division as a target for new antibiotics. Curr Opin Microbiol. 2013; 16:(5)522-530 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mib.2013.07.006

Rippon MG, Rogers AA, Sellars L Effectiveness of a non-medicated wound dressing on attached and biofilm encased bacteria: laboratory and clinical evidence. J Wound Care. 2018; 27:(3)146-155 https://doi.org/10.12968/jowc.2018.27.3.146

Rippon MG, Rogers AA, Westgate S. Treating drug-resistant wound pathogens with non-medicated dressings: an in vitro study. J Wound Care. 2019; 28:(9)629-638 https://doi.org/10.12968/jowc.2019.28.9.629

da Silveira Teixeira D, de Figueiredo MA, Cherubini K The topical effect of chlorhexidine and povidone-iodine in the repair of oral wounds: a review. Stomatologija. 2019; 21:(2)35-41

Bigliardi PL, Alsagoff SA, El-Kafrawi HY Povidone iodine in wound healing: a review of current concepts and practices. Int J Surg. 2017; 44:260-268 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2017.06.073

Fitzgerald DJ, Renick PJ, Forrest EC Cadexomer iodine provides superior efficacy against bacterial wound biofilms in vitro and in vivo. Wound Repair Regen. 2017; 25:(1)13-24 https://doi.org/10.1111/wrr.12497

Fjeld H, Lingaas E. Polyhexanide: safety and efficacy as an antiseptic. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. 2016; 136:(8)707-711 https://doi.org/10.4045/tidsskr.14.1041

Möhler JS, Sim W, Blaskovich MA Silver bullets: a new lustre on an old antimicrobial agent. Biotechnol Adv. 2018; 36:(5)1391-1411 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.05.004

White R. Manuka honey in wound management: greater than the sum of its parts?. J Wound Care. 2016; 25:(9)539-543 https://doi.org/10.12968/jowc.2016.25.9.539

Ibrahim N, Wong S, Mohamed I Wound healing properties of selected natural products. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018; 15:(11) https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15112360

Vijayakumar R, Sandle T. A review on biocide reduced susceptibility due to plasmid-borne antiseptic-resistant genes: special notes on pharmaceutical environmental isolates. J Appl Microbiol. 2019; 126:(4)1011-1022 https://doi.org/10.1111/jam.14118

Leaper DJ, Roberts CD. Antiseptic resistance: antimicrobial stewardship and silver dressings. Wounds International. 2017; 8:(2)27-31

Lipsky BA, Hoey C. Topical antimicrobial therapy for treating chronic wounds. Clin Infect Dis. 2009; 49:(10)1541-1549 https://doi.org/10.1086/644732

Holder IA, Boyce ST. Assessment of the potential for microbial resistance to topical use of multiple antimicrobial agents. Wound Repair Regen. 1999; 7:(4)238-243 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1524-475X.1999.00238.x

Öien RF, Forssell HW. Ulcer healing time and antibiotic treatment before and after the introduction of the Registry of Ulcer Treatment: an improvement project in a national quality registry in Sweden. BMJ Open. 2013; 3:(8) https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2013-003091

Liu JX, Werner J, Kirsch T Cytotoxicity evaluation of chlorhexidine gluconate on human fibroblasts, myoblasts, and osteoblasts. J Bone Jt Infect. 2018; 3:(4)165-172 https://doi.org/10.7150/jbji.26355

Thomas GW, Rael LT, Bar-Or R Mechanisms of delayed wound healing by commonly used antiseptics. J Trauma Inj Infect Crit Care. 2009; 66:(1)82-91 https://doi.org/10.1097/TA.0b013e31818b146d

Liu JX, Werner JA, Buza JA Povidone-iodine solutions inhibit cell migration and survival of osteoblasts, fibroblasts, and myoblasts. Spine. 2017; 42:(23)1757-1762 https://doi.org/10.1097/BRS.0000000000002224

Abdel-Sayed P, Tornay D, Hirt-Burri N Implications of chlorhexidine use in burn units for wound healing. Burns. 2020; 46:(5)1150-1156 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.burns.2019.12.008

Metcalf D, Parsons D, Bowler P. A next-generation antimicrobial wound dressing: a real-life clinical evaluation in the UK and Ireland. J Wound Care. 2016; 25:(3)132-138 https://doi.org/10.12968/jowc.2016.25.3.132

Edwards-Jones V, Tickle J, Nichols E Should antimicrobial dressings be classified according to their activity and be subject to stewardship like antibiotics?. Wounds UK. 2019; 15:(2)20-23

Wilkinson A, Ebata A, MacGregor H. Interventions to reduce antibiotic prescribing in LMICs: a scoping review of evidence from human and animal health systems. Antibiotics. 2018; 8:(1) https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics8010002

Totty JP, Bua N, Smith GE Dialkylcarbamoyl chloride (DACC)-coated dressings in the management and prevention of wound infection: a systematic review. J Wound Care. 2017; 26:(3)107-114 https://doi.org/10.12968/jowc.2017.26.3.107

Krasowska A, Sigler K. How microorganisms use hydrophobicity and what does this mean for human needs?. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2014; 4 https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2014.00112

Ljungh Å, Wadström T. Growth conditions influence expression of cell surface hydrophobicity of staphylococci and other wound infection pathogens. Microbiol Immunol. 1995; 39:(10)753-757 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1348-0421.1995.tb03267.x

Cooper R, Jenkins L. Binding of two bacterial biofilms to dialkyl carbamoyl chloride (DACC)-coated dressings in vitro. J Wound Care. 2016; 25:(2)76-82 https://doi.org/10.12968/jowc.2016.25.2.76

Ljungh Å, Yanagisawa N, Wadström T. Using the principle of hydrophobic interaction to bind and remove wound bacteria. J Wound Care. 2006; 15:(4)175-180 https://doi.org/10.12968/jowc.2006.15.4.26901

Stanirowski PJ, Kociszewska A, Cendrowski K, Sawicki W. Dialkylcarbamoyl chloride-impregnated dressing for the prevention of surgical site infection in women undergoing cesarean section: a pilot study. Arch Med Sci. 2016; 5:(5)1036-1042 https://doi.org/10.5114/aoms.2015.47654

Cutimed Sorbact made easy. 2012. https://www.woundsinternational.com/download/resource/6118 (accessed 10 March 2021)

Ronner AC, Curtin J, Karami N, Ronner U. Adhesion of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus to DACC-coated dressings. J Wound Care. 2014; 23:(10)484-488 https://doi.org/10.12968/jowc.2014.23.10.484

Bua N, Smith GE, Totty JP Dialkylcarbamoyl chloride dressings in the prevention of surgical site infections after nonimplant vascular surgery. Ann Vasc Surg. 2017; 44:387-392 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avsg.2017.03.198

Richardson LA. Understanding and overcoming antibiotic resistance. PLoS Biol. 2017; 15:(8) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.2003775

Hoffman JM, Shah ND, Vermeulen LC Projecting future drug expenditures—2007. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2007; 64:(3)298-314 https://doi.org/10.2146/ajhp060545

Wise R, Hart T, Cars O Antimicrobial resistance. BMJ. 1998; 317:(7159)609-610 https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.317.7159.609

John JF, Fishman NO. Programmatic role of the infectious diseases physician in controlling antimicrobial costs in the hospital. Clin Infect Dis. 1997; 24:(3)471-485 https://doi.org/10.1093/clinids/24.3.471

Smieszek T, Pouwels KB, Dolk FC Potential for reducing inappropriate antibiotic prescribing in English primary care. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2018; 73:ii36-ii43 https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkx500

Dellit TH, Owens RC, McGowan JE Infectious Diseases Society of America and the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America guidelines for developing an institutional program to enhance antimicrobial stewardship. Clin Infect Dis. 2007; 44:(2)159-177 https://doi.org/10.1086/510393

Fleming-Dutra KE, Hersh AL, Shapiro DJ Prevalence of inappropriate antibiotic prescriptions among US ambulatory care visits, 2010–2011. JAMA. 2016; 315:(17)1864-1873 https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.4151

Edwards-Jones V, Spruce P. Antimicrobial stewardship: what it means in tissue viability. Wounds UK. 2019; 15:(1)64-69

World Health Organization. Ten threats to global health in 2019. https://tinyurl.com/8zw66k33 (accessed 10 March 2021)

Klein EY, Van Boeckel TP, Martinez EM Global increase and geographic convergence in antibiotic consumption between 2000 and 2015. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2018; 115:(15)E3463-E3470 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1717295115

Nathan C. Resisting antimicrobial resistance. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2020; 18:(5)259-260 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-020-0348-5

Ventola CL. The antibiotic resistance crisis: part 1: causes and threats. P T. 2015; 40:(4)277-283

Tackling drug-resistant infections globally: final report and recommendation. 2016. https://tinyurl.com/cb5zp64b (accessed 18 November 2020)

Soriano A, Stefani S, Pletz MW, Menichetti F Antimicrobial stewardship in patients with acute bacterial skin and skin-structure infections: An international Delphi consensus. J Glob Antimicrob Resist. 2020; 22:296-301 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgar.2020.02.002

Hermsen ED, Jenkins R, Vlaev I The role of the private sector in advancing antimicrobial stewardship: recommendations from the Global Chief Medical Officers' Network. Popul Health Manag. 2020; 2020 https://doi.org/10.1089/pop.2020.0027

Smith DR, Dolk FC, Pouwels KB Defining the appropriateness and inappropriateness of antibiotic prescribing in primary care. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2018; 73:ii11-ii18 https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkx503

Review on antimicrobial resistance: tackling drug-resistant infections globally. Antimicrobial resistance: tackling a crisis for the health and wealth of nations. 2014. https://tinyurl.com/zmylsav (accessed 30 November 2020)

Infectious Diseases Society of America. Facts about antibiotic resistance. 2015. https://tinyurl.com/3j29b9x8 (accessed 1 December 2020)

World Health Organization: antimicrobial resistance. Report by the Secretariat. 2017. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/274735 (accessed 4 December 2020)

Orsi GB, Falcone M, Venditti M. Surveillance and management of multidrug-resistant microorganisms. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2011; 9:(8)653-679 https://doi.org/10.1586/eri.11.77

Cassini A, Högberg LD, Plachouras D Attributable deaths and disability-adjusted life-years caused by infections with antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the EU and the European Economic Area in 2015: a population-level modelling analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2019; 19:(1)56-66 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(18)30605-4

Luyt CE, Bréchot N, Trouillet JL, Chastre J. Antibiotic stewardship in the intensive care unit. Crit Care. 2014; 18:(5) https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-014-0480-6

Timsit JF, Bassetti M, Cremer O Rationalizing antimicrobial therapy in the ICU: a narrative review. Intensive Care Med. 2019; 45:(2)172-189 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-019-05520-5

Wounds UK. The role of non-medicated dressings for the management of wound infection. 2020. https://tinyurl.com/jvmad2xx (accessed 10 March 2021)

Frykberg RG, Banks J. Challenges in the treatment of chronic wounds. Adv Wound Care. 2015; 4:(9)560-582 https://doi.org/10.1089/wound.2015.0635

Chadwick P, Ousey K. Bacterial-binding dressings in the management of wound healing and infection prevention: a narrative review. J Wound Care. 2019; 28:(6)370-382 https://doi.org/10.12968/jowc.2019.28.6.370

Wounds UK. Best practice statement: antimicrobial stewardship strategies for wound management. 2020. https://tinyurl.com/79xtz8t3 (accessed 19 November 2020)

Oliveira A, Simões S, Ascenso A, Reis CP. Therapeutic advances in wound healing. J Dermatolog Treat. 2020; 26:1-21 https://doi.org/10.1080/09546634.2020.1730296

Guo S, DiPietro LA. Factors affecting wound healing. J Dent Res. 2010; 89:(3)219-229 https://doi.org/10.1177/0022034509359125

Cañedo-Dorantes L, Cañedo-Ayala M. Skin acute wound healing: a comprehensive review. Int J Inflamm. 2019; 2019:1-15 https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/3706315

Nunan R, Harding KG, Martin P. Clinical challenges of chronic wounds: searching for an optimal animal model to recapitulate their complexity. Dis Model Mech. 2014; 7:(11)1205-1213 https://doi.org/10.1242/dmm.016782

Kalan L, Zhou M, Labbie M, Willing B. Measuring the microbiome of chronic wounds with use of a topical antimicrobial dressing: a feasibility study. PLoS One. 2017; 12:(11) https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0187728

Xu Z, Hsia HC. The impact of microbial communities on wound healing: a review. Ann Plast Surg. 2018; 81:(1)113-123 https://doi.org/10.1097/SAP.0000000000001450

Position document: management of biofilm. 2016. https://tinyurl.com/yjtu6m88 (accessed 10 March 2021)

Roy R, Tiwari M, Donelli G, Tiwari V. Strategies for combating bacterial biofilms: a focus on anti-biofilm agents and their mechanisms of action. Virulence. 2018; 9:(1)522-554 https://doi.org/10.1080/21505594.2017.1313372

Kalan LR, Brennan MB. The role of the microbiome in nonhealing diabetic wounds. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2019; 1435:(1)79-92 https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.13926

Metcalf D, Bowler P. Biofilm delays wound healing: a review of the evidence. Burns Trauma. 2013; 1:(1)5-12 https://doi.org/10.4103/2321-3868.113329

Nguyen KT, Seth AK, Hong SJ Deficient cytokine expression and neutrophil oxidative burst contribute to impaired cutaneous wound healing in diabetic, biofilm-containing chronic wounds. Wound Repair Regen. 2013; 21:(6)833-841 https://doi.org/10.1111/wrr.12109

Wolcott R, Sanford N, Gabrilska R Microbiota is a primary cause of pathogenesis of chronic wounds. J Wound Care. 2016; 25:S33-S43 https://doi.org/10.12968/jowc.2016.25.Sup10.S33

Leaper D, Assadian O, Edmiston CE. Approach to chronic wound infections. Br J Dermatol. 2015; 173:(2)351-358 https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.13677

Deeth M. A closer look at the wound infection continuum. Br J Community Nurs. 2017; 22:S48-S50

Sibbald RG, Orsted H, Schultz GS Preparing the wound bed 2003: focus on infection and inflammation. Ostomy Wound Manage. 2003; 49:(11)24-51

Patel S. Investigating: wound infection. Wound Essentials. 2010; 40-47

Public Health England. Surveillance of surgical site infections in NHS hospitals in England, April 2016 to March 2017. 2017. https://tinyurl.com/yaun6jh2 (accessed 1 December 2020)

Liu Z, Dumville JC, Norman G Intraoperative interventions for preventing surgical site infection: an overview of Cochrane Reviews. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018; 2 https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD012653.pub2

National Collaborating Centre for Women's and Children's Health (UK). Surgical site infection: prevention and treatment of surgical site Infection. London: RCOG Press (NICE Clinical Guidelines, No. 74). 2008. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK53731 (accessed 20 November 2020)

Coello R, Charlett A, Wilson J Adverse impact of surgical site infections in English hospitals. J Hosp Infect. 2005; 60:(2)93-103 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2004.10.019

Broex EC, van Asselt AD, Bruggeman CA, van Tiel FH. Surgical site infections: how high are the costs?. J Hosp Infect. 2009; 72:(3)193-201 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2009.03.020

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Surgical site infections: prevention and treatment. 2019. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng125 (accessed 20 November 2020)

Badia JM, Casey AL, Petrosillo N Impact of surgical site infection on healthcare costs and patient outcomes: a systematic review in six European countries. J Hosp Infect. 2017; 96:(1)1-15 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2017.03.004

Lazarus GS, Cooper DM, Knighton DR Definitions and guidelines for assessment of wounds and evaluation of healing. Arch Dermatol. 1994; 130:(4)489-493

Pugliese DJ. Infection in venous leg ulcers: considerations for optimal management in the elderly. Drugs Aging. 2016; 33:(2)87-96 https://doi.org/10.1007/s40266-016-0343-8

Everett E, Mathioudakis N. Update on management of diabetic foot ulcers. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2018; 1411:(1)153-165 https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.13569

Wong D, Holtom P, Spellberg B. Osteomyelitis complicating sacral pressure ulcers: whether or not to treat with antibiotic therapy. Clin Infect Dis. 2019; 68:(2)338-342 https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciy559

Siddiqui AR, Bernstein JM. Chronic wound infection: facts and controversies. Clin Dermatol. 2010; 28:(5)519-526 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clindermatol.2010.03.009

Bui UT, Finlayson K, Edwards H. Risk factors for infection in patients with chronic leg ulcers: a survival analysis. Int J Clin Pract. 2018; 72:(12) https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcp.13263

Nussbaum SR, Carter MJ, Fife CE An economic evaluation of the impact, cost, and Medicare policy implications of chronic nonhealing wounds. Value Health. 2018; 21:(1)27-32 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2017.07.007

Charlesworth B, Pilling C, Chadwick P, Butcher M. Dressing-related trauma: clinical sequelae and resource utilization in a UK setting. Clinicoecon Outcomes Res. 2014; 6:227-239

Martin P, Nunan R. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of repair in acute and chronic wound healing. Br J Dermatol. 2015; 173:(2)370-378 https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.13954

Han A, Zenilman JM, Melendez JH The importance of a multifaceted approach to characterizing the microbial flora of chronic wounds. Wound Repair Regen. 2011; 19:(5)532-541 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1524-475X.2011.00720.x

Abbas M, Uçkay I, Lipsky BA. In diabetic foot infections antibiotics are to treat infection, not to heal wounds. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2015; 16:(6)821-832 https://doi.org/10.1517/1465656 6.2015.1021780

Howell-Jones RS, Price PE, Howard AJ, Thomas DW. Antibiotic prescribing for chronic skin wounds in primary care. Wound Repair Regen. 2006; 14:(4)387-393 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1743-6109.2006.00144.x

Dow G, Browne A, Sibbald RG. Infection in chronic wounds: controversies in diagnosis and treatment. Ostomy Wound Manage. 1999; 45:(8)23-27

Filius PM, Gyssens IC. Impact of increasing antimicrobial resistance on wound management. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2002; 3:(1)1-7 https://doi.org/10.2165/00128071-200203010-00001

Rahim K, Saleha S, Zhu X Bacterial contribution in chronicity of wounds. Microb Ecol. 2017; 73:(3)710-721 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-016-0867-9

Saltoglu N, Ergonul O, Tulek N Influence of multidrug resistant organisms on the outcome of diabetic foot infection. Int J Infect Dis. 2018; 70:10-14 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2018.02.013

Rashid A, Saqib M, Deeba F, Khan JA. Microbial profile of burn wound infections and their antibiotic sensitivity patterns at burn unit of allied hospital Faisalabad. Pak J Pharm Sci. 2019; 32:247-254

Călina D, Docea AO, Rosu L Antimicrobial resistance development following surgical site infections. Mol Med Rep. 2017; 15:(2)681-688 https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2016.6034

Price A, DaCosta F, Gubb S An audit of antimicrobial prescribing and microbiological sampling in a complex wound clinic. Wounds UK. 2019; 15:(2)24-29

Cutting KF, White R. Defined and refined: criteria for identifying wound infection revisited. Br J Community Nurs. 2004; 9:S6-S15 https://doi.org/10.12968/bjcn.2004.9.Sup1.12495

Levin-Reisman I, Ronin I, Gefen O Antibiotic tolerance facilitates the evolution of resistance. Science. 2017; 355:(6327)826-830 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaj2191

Martínez JL, Rojo F. Metabolic regulation of antibiotic resistance. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2011; 35:(5)768-789 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6976.2011.00282.x

Yan J, Bassler BL. Surviving as a community: antibiotic tolerance and persistence in bacterial biofilms. Cell Host Microbe. 2019; 26:(1)15-21 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2019.06.002

Conlon BP, Nakayasu ES, Fleck LE Activated ClpP kills persisters and eradicates a chronic biofilm infection. Nature. 2013; 503:(7476)365-370 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12790

Olsen I. Biofilm-specific antibiotic tolerance and resistance. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2015; 34:(5)877-886 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-015-2323-z

Bowler P, Murphy C, Wolcott R. Biofilm exacerbates antibiotic resistance: Is this a current oversight in antimicrobial stewardship?. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2020; 9:(1) https://doi.org/10.1186/s13756-020-00830-6

Ousey K, Blackburn J. Understanding antimicrobial resistance and antimicrobial stewardship in wound management. Wounds UK. 2020; 16:(2)36-39

Seok H, Jeon JH, Park DW. Antimicrobial therapy and antimicrobial stewardship in sepsis. Infect Chemother. 2020; 52:(1)19-30 https://doi.org/10.3947/ic.2020.52.1.19

Resman F. Antimicrobial stewardship programs; a two-part narrative review of step-wise design and issues of controversy Part I: step-wise design of an antimicrobial stewardship program. Ther Adv Infect Dis. 2020; https://doi.org/10.1177/2049936120933187

Olans RD, Hausman NB, Olans RN. Nurses and antimicrobial stewardship: past, present, and future. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2020; 34:(1)67-82 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idc.2019.10.008

Ervin KE, Tse KC, Reid C, Smith E. Exploring barriers to and enablers of antimicrobial stewardship in rural health services. Infect Dis Health. 2021; 26:(1)11-21 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idh.2020.08.003

van Huizen P, Kuhn L, Russo PL, Connell CJ. The nurses' role in antimicrobial stewardship: a scoping review. Int J Nurs Stud. 2021; 113 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2020.103772

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Overview and evidence to support appropriate antibiotic use. 2019. https://www.cdc.gov/antibiotic-use/healthcare/evidence.html (accessed 30 November 2020)

Rüttimann S, Keck B, Hartmeier C Long-term antibiotic cost savings from a comprehensive intervention program in a medical department of a university-affiliated teaching hospital. Clin Infect Dis. 2004; 38:(3)348-356 https://doi.org/10.1086/380964

Lutters M, Harbarth S, Janssens JP Effect of a comprehensive, multidisciplinary, educational program on the use of antibiotics in a geriatric university hospital. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2004; 52:(1)112-116 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2004.52019.x

Davey P, Brown E, Charani E Interventions to improve antibiotic prescribing practices for hospital inpatients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013; 4:(4) https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD003543.pub3

Apisarnthanarak A, Pinitchai U, Warachan B Effectiveness of infection prevention measures featuring advanced source control and environmental cleaning to limit transmission of extremely-drug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in a Thai intensive care unit: an analysis before and after extensive flooding. Am J Infect Control. 2014; 42:(2)116-121 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2013.09.025

Peto Z, Benko R, Matuz M Results of a local antibiotic management program on antibiotic use in a tertiary intensive care unit in Hungary. Infection. 2008; 36:(6)560-564 https://doi.org/10.1007/s15010-008-7377-8

Tartof SY, Chen LH, Tian Y Do inpatient antimicrobial stewardship programs help us in the battle against antimicrobial resistance?. Clin Infect Dis. 2020; https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa1004

Davey P, Marwick CA, Scott CL Interventions to improve antibiotic prescribing practices for hospital inpatients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017; 2 https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD003543.pub4

Schuts EC, Hulscher ME, Mouton JW Current evidence on hospital antimicrobial stewardship objectives: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2016; 16:(7)847-856 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(16)00065-7

Kakkar AK, Shafiq N, Singh G Antimicrobial stewardship programs in resource constrained environments: understanding and addressing the need of the systems. Front Public Health. 2020; 8 https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00140

Roberts CD, Leaper DJ, Assadian O. The role of topical antiseptic agents within antimicrobial stewardship strategies for prevention and treatment of surgical site and chronic open wound infection. Adv Wound Care. 2017; 6:(2)63-71 https://doi.org/10.1089/wound.2016.0701

Lindholm C, Searle R. Wound management for the 21st century: combining effectiveness and efficiency. Int Wound J. 2016; 13:5-15 https://doi.org/10.1111/iwj.12623

Edwards R, Harding KG. Bacteria and wound healing. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2004; 17:(2)91-96 https://doi.org/10.1097/00001432-200404000-00004

Wound infection in clinical practice: principles of best practice. https://tinyurl.com/45r47yu9 (accessed 19 November 2020)

Dyar OJ, Huttner B, Schouten J, Pulcini C What is antimicrobial stewardship?. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2017; 23:(11)793-798 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2017.08.026

Caliendo AM, Gilbert DN, Ginocchio CC Better tests, better care: improved diagnostics for infectious diseases. Clin Infect Dis. 2013; 57:S139-S170 https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/cit578

Tandan M, O'Connor R, Burns K A comparative analysis of prophylactic antimicrobial use in long-term care facilities in Ireland, 2013 and 2016. Euro Surveill. 2019; 24:(11) https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2019.24.11.1800102

Mohamed R, Wall J, Arumainathan R Assessing antibiotic stewardship using the surgical site infection prevention bundle. Br J Hosp Med. 2018; 79:(11)643-647 https://doi.org/10.12968/hmed.2018.79.11.643

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. NICEimpact antimicrobial resistance. 2018. https://tinyurl.com/tr6538c (accessed 5 December 2020)

Tedeschi S, Trapani F, Giannella M An antimicrobial stewardship program based on systematic infectious disease consultation in a rehabilitation facility. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2017; 38:(1)76-82 https://doi.org/10.1017/ice.2016.233

Pirie G, Duguid K, Timmons J. Cutimed Sorbact gel: a new infection management dressing. Wounds UK. 2009; 5:(2)74-78

Dryden M, Johnson AP, Ashiru-Oredope D, Sharland M. Using antibiotics responsibly: right drug, right time, right dose, right duration. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2011; 66:(11)2441-2443 https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkr370

Wadström T, Björnberg S, Hjertén S. Hydrophobized wound dressing in the treatment of experimental Staphylococcus aureus infections in the young pig. Acta Pathologica Microbiologica Scandinavica Series B: Microbiology. 1985; 93B:(1-6)359-363 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1699-0463.1985.tb02901.x

Bowler PG, Jones SA, Davies BJ, Coyle E. Infection control properties of some wound dressings. J Wound Care. 1999; 8:(10)499-502 https://doi.org/10.12968/jowc.1999.8.10.26356

Brackman G, De Meyer L, Nelis HJ, Coenye T. Biofilm inhibitory and eradicating activity of wound care products against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms in an in vitro chronic wound model. J Appl Microbiol. 2013; 114:(6)1833-1842 https://doi.org/10.1111/jam.12191

Geroult S, Phillips RO, Demangel C. Adhesion of the ulcerative pathogen Mycobacterium ulcerans to DACC-coated dressings. J Wound Care. 2014; 23:(8)417-424 https://doi.org/10.12968/jowc.2014.23.8.417

Meberg A, Schøyen R. Hydrophobic material in routine umbilical cord care and prevention of infections in newborn infants. Scand J Infect Dis. 1990; 22:(6)729-733 https://doi.org/10.3109/00365549009027128

Romain B, Mielcarek M, Delhorme JB Dialkylcarbamoyl chloride-coated versus alginate dressings after pilonidal sinus excision: a randomized clinical trial (SORKYSA study). BJS Open. 2020; 4:(2)225-231 https://doi.org/10.1002/bjs5.50259

Totty JP, Hitchman LH, Cai PL A pilot feasibility randomised clinical trial comparing dialkylcarbamoylchloride-coated dressings versus standard care for the primary prevention of surgical site infection. Int Wound J. 2019; 16:(4)883-890 https://doi.org/10.1111/iwj.13113

Stanirowski PJ, Bizoń M, Cendrowski K, Sawicki W. Randomized controlled trial evaluating dialkylcarbamoyl chloride impregnated dressings for the prevention of surgical site infections in adult women undergoing cesarean section. Surg Infect. 2016; 17:(4)427-435 https://doi.org/10.1089/sur.2015.223

Kammerlander G, Locher E, Suess-Burghart A An investigation of Cutimed Sorbact as an antimicrobial alternative in wound management. Wounds UK. 2008; 4:(2)10-18

Kleintjes WG, Boggenpoel A, Diango K. A prospective descriptive study of Cutimed Sorbact used as a skin substitute for the treatment of partial thickness burn wounds. Prof Nurs Today. 2018; 22:(2)33-38

Dwiyana RF, Gondokaryono SP, Rahardja JI Clinical efficacy of dialkylcarbamoylchloride-coated cotton acetate dressing versus combination of normal saline dressing and 2% mupirocin ointment in infected wounds of epidermolysis bullosa. Dermatol Ther. 2019; 32:(5) https://doi.org/10.1111/dth.13047

Kleintjes WG, Schoeman D, Collier L. A pilot study of Cutimed Sorbact versus ACTICOAT versus Silverlon for the treatment of burn wounds in a South African adult burn unit. Prof Nurs Today. 2017; 21:(3)36-44

Kusu-Orkar TE, Islam U, Hall B The use of a non-medicated dressing for superficial-partial thickness burns in children: a case series and review. Scars Burn Heal. 2019; 5 https://doi.org/10.1177/2059513119896954

Ciliberti M, De Lara F, Serra G The effect of a bacteria- and fungi-binding mesh dressing on the bacterial load of pressure ulcers treated with negative pressure wound therapy: a pilot study. Wounds. 2016; 28:(11)408-420

Mosti G, Magliaro A, Mattaliano V Comparative study of two antimicrobial dressings in infected leg ulcers: a pilot study. J Wound Care. 2015; 24:(3)121-127 https://doi.org/10.12968/jowc.2015.24.3.121

Mussi C, Salvioli G. Clinical evaluation of Sorbact (bacteria absorbing dressing) in the treatment of infected pressure sores. Acta Vulcanol. 2004; 2:(1-2)9-11

Haycocks S, Chadwick P. Use of DACC-coated dressings in diabetic foot ulcers: a case series. Diabet Foot J. 2011; 14:(3)133-137

Hampton S. An evaluation of the efficacy of Cutimed Sorbact in different types of non-healing wounds. Wounds UK. 2007; 3:(4)113-119

Gentili V, Gianesini S, Balboni PG Panbacterial real-time PCR to evaluate bacterial burden in chronic wounds treated with Cutimed Sorbact. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2012; 31:(7)1523-1529 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-011-1473-x

Sibbald G, Woo K, Coutts P. The effectiveness of a new antimicrobial dressing with microbinding action for the management of chronic wounds. Wound Care Canada. 2012; 10:(3)20-22

Bruce Z. Using Cutimed Sorbact hydroactive on chronic infected wounds. Wounds UK. 2012; 8:(1)119-129

Johansson A, Ljungh Å, Apelqvist J. Open study on the topical treatment of interdigital fungal infections in diabetic patients. J Wound Care. 2009; 18:(11)470-473 https://doi.org/10.12968/jowc.2009.18.11.44988

World Health Organization. Global priority list of antibiotic-resistant bacteria to guide research, discovery, and development of new antibiotics. 2017. https://tinyurl.com/w2w6b6kd (accessed 9 December 2020)

Estrategias de protección antimicrobiana en el cuidado de heridas: evidencia para el uso de apósitos recubiertos con DACC

01 August 2021
Artículo Destacado

Abstract

Sinopsis

Antecedentes:

Normalmente, las infecciones son tratadas con antimicrobianos (antibióticos, antisépticos, etc.). La resistencia antimicrobiana (AMR, por sus siglas en inglés) se ha convertido en una de las amenazas del siglo XXI más graves para la salud mundial. Las heridas pueden ser una fuente de infección al permitir la entrada libre de microorganismos dentro del cuerpo, incluyendo bacterias resistentes a antimicrobianos. El desarrollo de nuevos antimicrobianos (especialmente, antibióticos) no está siguiendo el ritmo de la evolución de microorganismos resistentes y de formas novedosas de abordar este problema con la urgencia que demanda. Una de estas iniciativas ha sido el desarrollo de programas de protección antimicrobiana (AMS, por sus siglas en inglés), que brindan capacitación a los trabajadores del área de la salud y controlan la prescripción, enfocándose en los antimicrobianos para reducir la probabilidad de que se produzca AMR. El uso de apósitos para herida que utilizan el aislamiento físico y el abordaje de retención, en vez de agentes antimicrobianos, para reducir la carga bacteriana ofrecen un abordaje novedoso para apoyar a los AMS. La fijación bacteriana por los apósitos y su retiro físico, en lugar de la muerte activa, minimiza su daño y, además, previene la liberación de endotoxinas dañinas.

Objetivo:

Resaltar los AMS para la promoción del uso correcto de antimicrobianos e investigar cómo los apósitos recubiertos con cloruro de dialquilcarbamilo (DACC) pueden ayudar a cubrir las metas de los AMS.

Método:

Se realizaron búsquedas en las bases de datos de revisiones sistemáticas, Medline, Cochrane y Google Scholar con el fin de identificar artículos publicados que describan los datos relacionados con los AMS, y el uso de una gran variedad de apósitos para heridas para la prevención y/o tratamiento de infecciones de la herida. La evidencia que respalda a los apósitos para heridas alternativos que pueden reducir la biocarga y prevenir y/o tratar la infección de heridas de forma tal que no maten ni dañen a los microorganismos (por ejemplo, fijándose activamente y retirando intactos a los microorganismos de las heridas) fue posteriormente revisada de forma oral.

Conclusión:

Algunos apósitos para heridas actúan a través de mecanismos que promueven la fijación y absorción física, aislamiento y retiro de microorganismos intactos de la base de la herida (por ejemplo, un apósito para heridas que utiliza la tecnología DACC para prevenir/reducir la infección). Esta es una herramienta valiosa que cumple con los requisitos del AMS (por ejemplo, reducción del uso de antimicrobianos en esquemas de tratamiento de heridas) al reducir la biocarga de la herida sin inducir/seleccionar bacterias resistentes.

Una cantidad cada vez mayor de microorganismos está adquiriendo resistencia antimicrobiana (AMR, por sus siglas en inglés) a agentes que se utilizan para combatirlos (por ejemplo, antibióticos).1 Esto supone un desafío para los recursos clínicos y de presupuesto a nivel mundial.2 El problema es exacerbado por el hecho de que el desarrollo de nuevos antibióticos es lento y cada vez menor, y se ha rezagado por el incremento en la resistencia de estos microorganismos; por lo tanto, se requieren nuevas estrategias para atacar este problema.3,4,5

Se han hecho grandes avances utilizando un estricto control de las infecciones y enfocándose en el uso de antibióticos, lo que provoca una reducción de las infecciones por microorganismos resistentes a antibióticos.6

Regístrate ahora para seguir leyendo

Gracias por visitar JWC-LATAM y leer algunos de nuestros recursos revisados ​​por pares. Para leer más, regístrese hoy.

Register
Or continue by

Signing in with your registered email address

resistencia antimicrobiana
fijación bacteriana
infección
úlcera
apósito
antimicrobial resistance
bacterial-binding
infection
ulcer
dressing